Your master reference: This is your master reference for the Five Universals. Every concept you meet in Mantiq, Falsafa, or Fiqh can be analysed with this framework.
Memorise this analysis: Memorise it. The complete analysis of "Insan" (human) through all five: Jins (genus) = Hayawan (animal) — broad family, covers all animals, answers "What family?", used in definition.
Naw' and Fasl of Insan: Naw' (species) = Insan (human) — the specific kind, all and only humans, answers "What kind exactly?", the target of definition. Fasl (differentia) = Natiq (rational) — the essential distinguishing quality within Hayawan, answers "What makes it unique?", used in definition — the most important.
Khassah and 'Aradh 'Aam of Insan: Khassah (property) = Qabil lil-Dahk (capable of laughter) — always human, only human, not the definition, answers "What exclusively follows?", used in description (Rasm). 'Aradh 'Aam (general accident) = Abyad (white, for some humans) — not always, not exclusive, not essential, answers "What sometimes accompanies?", not used in definition.
Which ones define (Hadd)? Which are used in definition (Hadd)? Jins Qarib + Fasl Qarib = Hadd Taam (perfect definition).
Hadd Naqis, Rasm Taam, and the rest: Jins Qarib only = Hadd Naqis (imperfect definition). Khassah = Rasm Taam (perfect description).
Bridge to Session 4 — building definitions: 'Aradh 'Aam = never sufficient for definition alone. Bridge to Session 4: now that we know the Five Universals, we can build definitions.
The perfect definition, in two words: A perfect definition (Hadd Taam) is Jins Qarib + Fasl Qarib. For Insan: "Hayawan Natiq" (rational animal).
Complete and exclusive: This two-word definition is perfect because it includes every human (complete) and excludes everything else (exclusive).
Example
Now analyse Salah the same way: You can now analyse anything this way. Try it with "Salah": Jins = Ibadat; Naw' = Salah; Fasl = specific pillars and conditions; Khassah = performed at set times; 'Aradh 'Aam = prayed in a mosque or at home.
Key Terms
All five universals, as above.
Quran or Hadith
None on this slide.
Fresh diagram to be drawn: The master table (5 rows × question / Insan example / use in definition) as an interactive table in the Reader. To be drawn in Project Desk colours.
- This is your master reference for the Five Universals.
- You can now analyse anything this way. Try it with "Salah": Jins = Ibadat; Naw' = Salah; Fasl = specific pillars and conditions; Khassah = performed at set times; 'Aradh 'Aam = prayed in a mosque or at home.