Fallacy 3 — Appeal to Ignorance: Fallacy 3, Appeal to Ignorance, argues that because something has not been proven false, it must be true — or because it has not been proven true, it must be false. "No one has proven that jinn do not exist, so they must exist" is a fallacy: absence of proof is not proof.
Fallacy 4 — False Cause: Fallacy 4, False Cause, confuses correlation with causation: because two things happened together, one is claimed to have caused the other. "I prayed and then I passed my exam, so the prayer caused the pass" may be true in faith, but as a logical argument it is a fallacy — the two events may be unrelated, or both may come from a third cause (study).
One answer for both: Both fallacies appear constantly in religious and political talk, and both are answered the same way: show the evidence, or show the real cause.
Example
Test it on yourself: "Nobody has disproven my claim, so my claim is true" — ask: would you accept the same reasoning from someone whose claim you disagree with? If not, it is a fallacy.
Key Terms
- Appeal to Ignorance — جہالت کی اپیل
- False Cause — جھوٹی علت (Correlation ≠ Causation — ہم آہنگی ≠ علت)
Quran or Hadith
None known from the slide title.
Fresh diagram to be drawn: Two small "spot the fallacy" cards, as in Topic 10.2.
Note: Slide 61 was not read; based on the filename and standard Mantiq definitions. Verify before publication.
- "No one has proven that jinn do not exist, so they must exist" is a fallacy: absence of proof is not proof.
- "Nobody has disproven my claim, so my claim is true" — ask: would you accept the same reasoning from someone whose claim you disagree with?